Jeong et al. revealed kleptographic backdoor risks in ZK-friendly hash function matrices, demonstrating severe consequences including forged proofs, digest collisions, and counterfeit currency in Plonky3, Neptune Cash, and Plonky2.Jeong等人在论文中揭示了ZK友好哈希函数矩阵可能被恶意利用植入kleptographic后门,并在Plonky3、Neptune Cash与Plonky2中展示了伪造证明、摘要碰撞与假币铸造等严重安全后果。Jeongらは論文で、ZK友好ハッシュ関数の行列に悪用可能なクレプトグラフィックバックドアのリスクを明らかにし、Plonky3・Neptune Cash・Plonky2において偽造証明や摘要衝突・偽造通貨などの重大な安全上の影響を示した。
NotesNotes要点
The paper reveals that inconsistent standards for linear-layer matrix selection in ZK-friendly hash functions create room for malicious backdoors.
A malicious designer can choose matrices satisfying MDS conditions and security checks while enabling controlled input-to-output mapping.
In Plonky3, an attacker could control Fiat-Shamir challenges to make verifiers accept invalid claims.
In Neptune Cash, program digest collisions could bypass transaction validation and enable counterfeit currency.
In Plonky2, forged Merkle-tree membership proofs could compromise system integrity.
The study emphasizes that algebraic properties like MDS are insufficient; matrix generation must be transparent and verifiable.
How can MDS matrices be exploited?MDS矩阵怎样被恶意利用?MDS行列はどのように悪用されるか?
Attackers may craft MDS matrices that map chosen inputs to outputs after several rounds, bypassing checks.攻击者可构造通过安全检测的MDS矩阵,使特定输入经轮函数后映射到预定输出。攻撃者は検査を迂回するMDS行列を構築し、特定の入力を所定の出力に多轮後に対応させられる。
What is the impact on Neptune Cash?Neptune Cash攻击有何后果?Neptune Cashへの影響は何か?
It enables digest collisions to bypass transaction checks, allowing counterfeit currency creation.攻击者可制造程序摘要碰撞,绕过交易验证检查,从而创建伪造货币。プログラム摘要の衝突を起こし、取引検証を迂回して偽造通貨を作成できる。
How to prevent such matrix backdoors?如何防御这种矩阵后门攻击?行列バックドアをどう防ぐか?
Require fully transparent and verifiable generation using nothing-up-my-sleeve procedures, avoiding arbitrary substitutions.必须要求矩阵生成过程透明可验证,采用nothing-up-my-sleeve流程避免任意替换。行列生成を透明かつ検証可能にし、nothing-up-my-sleeve手順を採用して恣意的な置換を防ぐ必要がある。