Jens Groth discusses in a blog how modern ZKPs revisit 20-year-old permutation proof ideas, including switching networks, grand product polynomial identity, and permutation matrices in zkVMs. Jens Groth在博客中讨论了现代ZKP如何重新审视20年前的置换证明思想,包括交换网络、大乘积多项式恒等式和置换矩阵在zkVM中的应用。
Notes
Permutation and lookup arguments consume up to half of prover computation in zkVMs, among costliest components.
2025 research (ST25, BCD25, CTHK25) significantly improved prover efficiency.
Core ideas: switching networks, grand product polynomial identity, permutation matrices from 20-year-old shuffle proofs.
Memory consistency in zkVMs solved via permutation arguments, similar to shuffle proof techniques.
Switching networks for memory consistency may incur logarithmic overhead.
Grand product and permutation matrix methods offer linear or better efficiency improvements.